in Hebrew, Qumran documents often can be helpful in determining the meaning of certain words in the NT. Some of the pseudepigrapha circulating in Palestine and the eastern Mediterranean can therefore be helpful in determining the meaning of words used in the NT. As an example, consider the word episkopē (“visitation”), which occurs a few times in the NT (Luke 19:44; 1 Pet 2:12; for the verb form, see Luke 1:68, 78; 7:16; Acts 15:14). The NT’s connotation of judgment, either for reward or for punishment,
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